The mixture of gases selected for packaging in the Modified Atmosphere depends on the type of product, packaging materials and storage temperature.
The atmosphere in such packages mainly consists of regulated amounts of Nitrogen (N2), Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
Reducing O2 levels helps reduce the level of oxidation and the development of harmful microorganisms.
A low level of O2 of 1-2% is used for the production of baby food and milk powder.
A CO2 level in excess of 10% is phytotoxic to fruits and vegetables, therefore CO2 is maintained below this level.
CO2, aka Carbon Dioxide, has no color, smell, or taste. It has an inhibitory oxidation and detrimental effect on most aerobic bacteria and mold. Gas is often used to increase the shelf life of a product. The shelf life of packaged or stored foods is generally longer if the level of CO2 is higher. However, many foods can become acidic if the dosage is too high. In addition, the gas may eventually evaporate from the package or be absorbed into the product. The use of supporting or filling gases can slow this effect.
Nitrogen (N2) is an inert gas and, due to its production process, usually has a relatively high purity. It is usually used to displace air, especially atmospheric oxygen, in food packaging. This prevents the oxidation of food and inhibits the growth of aerobic microorganisms. It is often used as a filling gas, as it diffuses very slowly through plastic films and, therefore, remains in the packaging longer and extends the shelf life of the product.
The use of noble gases such as Helium (He), Argon (Ar) and Xenon (Xe) to replace N2 as a balancing gas in the MAP is also possible, but is not used often.